Network Working Group J. Moy
Request for Comments: 2328 Ascend Communications, Inc.
STD: 54 April 1998
Obsoletes: 2178
Category: Standards Track
OSPF Version 2
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is
unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo documents version 2 of the OSPF protocol. OSPF is a
link-state routing protocol. It is designed to be run internal to a
single Autonomous System. Each OSPF router maintains an identical
database describing the Autonomous System's topology. From this
database, a routing table is calculated by constructing a shortest-
path tree.
OSPF recalculates routes quickly in the face of topological changes,
utilizing a minimum of routing protocol traffic. OSPF provides
support for equal-cost multipath. An area routing capability is
provided, enabling an additional level of routing protection and a
reduction in routing protocol traffic. In addition, all OSPF
routing protocol exchanges are authenticated.
The differences between this memo and RFC 2178 are explained in
Appendix G. All differences are backward-compatible in nature.
Moy Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 April 1998
Implementations of this memo and of RFCs 2178, 1583, and 1247 will
interoperate.
1 Introduction ........................................... 6
1.1 Protocol Overview ...................................... 6
1.2 Definitions of commonly used terms ..................... 8
1.3 Brief history of link-state routing technology ........ 11
1.4 Organization of this document ......................... 12
1.5 Acknowledgments ....................................... 12
2 The link-state database: organization and calculations 13
2.1 Representation of routers and networks ................ 13
2.1.1 Representation of non-broadcast networks .............. 15
2.1.2 An example link-state database ........................ 18
2.2 The shortest-path tree ................................ 21
2.3 Use of external routing information ................... 23
2.4 Equal-cost multipath .................................. 26
3 Splitting the AS into Areas ........................... 26
3.1 The backbone of the Autonomous System ................. 27
3.2 Inter-area routing .................................... 27
3.3 Classification of routers ............................. 28
3.4 A sample area configuration ........................... 29
3.5 IP subnetting support ................................. 35
3.6 Supporting stub areas ................................. 37
3.7 Partitions of areas ................................... 38
4 Functional Summary .................................... 40
4.1 Inter-area routing .................................... 41
4.2 AS external routes .................................... 41
4.3 Routing protocol packets .............................. 42
4.4 Basic implementation requirements ..................... 43
4.5 Optional OSPF capabilities ............................ 46
5 Protocol data structures .............................. 47
6 The Area Data Structure ............................... 49
7 Bringing Up Adjacencies ............................... 52
7.1 The Hello Protocol .................................... 52
7.2 The Synchronization of Databases ...................... 53
7.3 The Designated Router ................................. 54
7.4 The Backup Designated Router .......................... 56
7.5 The graph of adjacencies .............................. 56
Moy Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 April 1998
8 Protocol Packet Processing ............................ 58
8.1 Sending protocol packets .............................. 58
8.2 Receiving protocol packets ............................ 61
9 The Interface Data Structure .......................... 63
9.1 Interface states ...................................... 67
9.2 Events causing interface state changes ................ 70
9.3 The Interface state machine ........................... 72
9.4 Electing the Designated Router ........................ 75
9.5 Sending Hello packets ................................. 77
9.5.1 Sending Hello packets on NBMA networks ................ 79
10 The Neighbor Data Structure ........................... 80
10.1 Neighbor states ....................................... 83
10.2 Events causing neighbor state changes ................. 87
10.3 The Neighbor state machine ............................ 89
10.4 Whether to become adjacent ............................ 95
10.5 Receiving Hello Packets ............................... 96
10.6 Receiving Database Description Packets ................ 99
10.7 Receiving Link State Request Packets ................. 102
10.8 Sending Database Description Packets ................. 103
10.9 Sending Link State Request Packets ................... 104
10.10 An Example ........................................... 105
11 The Routing Table Structure .......................... 107
11.1 Routing table lookup ................................. 111
11.2 Sample routing table, without areas .................. 111
11.3 Sample routing table, with areas ..................... 112
12 Link State Advertisements (LSAs) ..................... 115
12.1 The LSA Header ....................................... 116
12.1.1 LS age ............................................... 116
12.1.2 Options .............................................. 117
12.1.3 LS type .............................................. 117
12.1.4 Link State ID ........................................ 117
12.1.5 Advertising Router ................................... 119
12.1.6 LS sequence number ................................... 120
12.1.7 LS checksum .......................................... 121
12.2 The link state database .............................. 121
12.3 Representation of TOS ................................ 122
12.4 Originating LSAs ..................................... 123
12.4.1 Router-LSAs .......................................... 126
12.4.1.1 Describing point-to-point interfaces ................. 130
12.4.1.2 Describing broadcast and NBMA interfaces ............. 130
12.4.1.3 Describing virtual links ............................. 131
12.4.1.4 Describing Point-to-MultiPoint interfaces ............ 131
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RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 April 1998
12.4.1.5 Examples of router-LSAs .............................. 132
12.4.2 Network-LSAs ......................................... 133
12.4.2.1 Examples of network-LSAs ............................. 134
12.4.3 Summary-LSAs ......................................... 135
12.4.3.1 Originating summary-LSAs into stub areas ............. 137
12.4.3.2 Examples of summary-LSAs ............................. 138
12.4.4 AS-external-LSAs ..................................... 139
12.4.4.1 Examples of AS-external-LSAs ......................... 140
13 The Flooding Procedure ............................... 143
13.1 Determining which LSA is newer ....................... 146
13.2 Installing LSAs in the database ...................... 147
13.3 Next step in the flooding procedure .................. 148
13.4 Receiving self-originated LSAs ....................... 151
13.5 Sending Link State Acknowledgment packets ............ 152
13.6 Retransmitting LSAs .................................. 154
13.7 Receiving link state acknowledgments ................. 155
14 Aging The Link State Database ........................ 156
14.1 Premature aging of LSAs .............................. 157
15 Virtual Links ........................................ 158
16 Calculation of the routing table ..................... 160
16.1 Calculating the shortest-path tree for an area ....... 161
16.1.1 The next hop calculation ............................. 167
16.2 Calculating the inter-area routes .................... 178
16.3 Examining transit areas' summary-LSAs ................ 170
16.4 Calculating AS external routes ....................... 173
16.4.1 External path preferences ............................ 175
16.5 Incremental updates -- summary-LSAs .................. 175
16.6 Incremental updates -- AS-external-LSAs .............. 177
16.7 Events generated as a result of routing table changes 177
16.8 Equal-cost multipath ................................. 178
Footnotes ............................................ 179
References ........................................... 183
A OSPF data formats .................................... 185
A.1 Encapsulation of OSPF packets ........................ 185
A.2 The Options field .................................... 187
A.3 OSPF Packet Formats .................................. 189
A.3.1 The OSPF packet header ............................... 190
A.3.2 The Hello packet ..................................... 193
A.3.3 The Database Description packet ...................... 195
A.3.4 The Link State Request packet ........................ 197
A.3.5 The Link State Update packet ......................... 199
A.3.6 The Link State Acknowledgment packet ................. 201
Moy Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 April 1998
A.4 LSA formats .......................................... 203
A.4.1 The LSA header ....................................... 204
A.4.2 Router-LSAs .......................................... 206
A.4.3 Network-LSAs ......................................... 210
A.4.4 Summary-LSAs ......................................... 212
A.4.5 AS-external-LSAs ..................................... 214
B Architectural Constants .............................. 217
C Configurable Constants ............................... 219
C.1 Global parameters .................................... 219
C.2 Area parameters ...................................... 220
C.3 Router interface parameters .......................... 221
C.4 Virtual link parameters .............................. 224
C.5 NBMA network parameters .............................. 224
C.6 Point-to-MultiPoint network parameters ............... 225
C.7 Host route parameters ................................ 226
D Authentication ....................................... 227
D.1 Null authentication .................................. 227
D.2 Simple password authentication ....................... 228
D.3 Cryptographic authentication ......................... 228
D.4 Message generation ................................... 231
D.4.1 Generating Null authentication ....................... 231
D.4.2 Generating Simple password authentication ............ 232
D.4.3 Generating Cryptographic authentication .............. 232
D.5 Message verification ................................. 234
D.5.1 Verifying Null authentication ........................ 234
D.5.2 Verifying Simple password authentication ............. 234
D.5.3 Verifying Cryptographic authentication ............... 235
E An algorithm for assigning Link State IDs ............ 236
F Multiple interfaces to the same network/subnet ....... 239
G Differences from RFC 2178 ............................ 240
G.1 Flooding modifications ............................... 240
G.2 Changes to external path preferences ................. 241
G.3 Incomplete resolution of virtual next hops ........... 241
G.4 Routing table lookup ................................. 241
Security Considerations .............................. 243
Author's Address ..................................... 243
Full Copyright Statement ............................. 244
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