二是在风险评估层面,面对当前模型能力的不确定性和制度层面尚难形成统一基线的现实,各方将“构建评估生态”视为更可行的路径。欧盟《实践准则》建议建立社区驱动的模型评估榜单;美国SB 53要求在“前沿 AI 框架”中纳入委托第三方开展灾难性风险评估的安排;中国《人工智能安全治理框架2.0》也在内生风险的“综合治理措施”中提出“建立人工智能安全测评体系”的目标。可以说,三方均在探索通过开放、多元的社会评估机制,弥合制度能力与技术演进之间的差距。如开源社区所倡导的理念:“足够多的眼睛可以让所有问题浮现”。
三是在模型治理工具的选择上,透明度因其技术中立、操作性强的特征,已成为核心手段。在模型风险机理仍待认知与验证的阶段,透明度以最小约束实现最大可控性,同时为创新留出空间。欧盟依披露对象采取横向分级路径,分别面向 AI 办公室、国家主管机关与下游主体设置信息披露层级;加州则按开发者规模采纵向分级路径,区分前沿模型与大型前沿模型开发者,设置强度有别的义务,并统一向公众披露。中国在透明度建设方面走在前列。从算法推荐到深度合成,再到大模型备案,信息公示与算法备案机制逐步完善,模型功能、安全评估环节实现较高程度的可见性。
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[2] “Governor Newsom Signs SB 53, Advancing California’s World-Leading Artificial Intelligence Industry.” Office of the Governor of California, 29 Sept. 2025,
[4] Helberger, Natali, and Nicholas Diakopoulos. “ChatGPT and the AI Act.” Internet Policy Review, vol. 12, no. 1, 2023, https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.1.1682.
[5] Ebers, Martin. Truly Risk-Based Regulation of Artificial Intelligence – How to Implement the EU’s AI Act. SSRN, 2024, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4870387.
[6] The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Europe Technology Policy Committee. Comments in response to European Commission Call for Evidence on “General Purpose AI Code of Practice for Providers of Models with Systemic Risks”. 27 Nov 2024. ACM Europe TPC.
[7] Besliu, Raluca. “What’s Driving the EU’s AI Act Shake-Up?” Tech Policy Press, 13 Nov. 2025, https://techpolicy.press/whats-driving-the-eus-ai-act-shakeup/.
[8] Associated Press. “California Governor Newsom Vetoes Bill to Create FirstinNation AI Safety Measures.” AP News, 29 Sept. 2024,
[9] Gluck, Justine. “California’s SB 53: The First Frontier AI Law, Explained.” Future of Privacy Forum Blog, 3 Oct. 2025, https://fpf.org/blog/californias-sb-53-the-first-frontier-ai-law-explained/.
[10] Singer, Scott, and Alasdair Phillips-Robins. “California Just Passed the United States’ First Frontier AI Law. What Exactly Does It Do?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace – Emissary, 16 Oct. 2025, https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2025/10/california-sb-53-frontier-ai-law-what-it-does.
[11] Ball, Dean W. "These Challenges Are Primarily Technical and Scientific, but They Imply Others, Too." National Affairs, 2025, www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/these-challenges-are-primarily-technical-and-scientific-but-they-imply-others-too.