[下载]The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology

hhyaya

CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................................... xix
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................... xxiii
11.1
The Growth of Mobile Communications......................................................................... 1

1.1.1
Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks..................................................... 3

1.2
Third Generation Mobile System Requirements ............................................................. 4

1.2.1
UMTS Services Aspects .................................................................................... 5

1.2.2
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Aspects........................................................... 6

1.3
Enhancing Technologies ................................................................................................. 8

1.3.1
Capacity Increasing Antennas............................................................................ 8

1.3.2
Multi-user Detection Techniques ....................................................................... 9

1.3.3
Software Radio Applications ............................................................................. 9

1.3.4
Implementation and Integration Aspects............................................................ 10

1.4
Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 11
References ............................................................................................................................... 11

2.1
Fundamentals of System Analysis................................................................................... 13

2.1.1
Multiple Access Options .................................................................................... 13

2.1.1.1
Narrow-band Digital Channel Systems .............................................. 13

2.1.1.2
Wide-band Digital Channel Systems.................................................. 14

2.1.1.3
The UTRA FDD Mode: WCDMA..................................................... 14

2.1.1.4
The UTRA TDD Mode: TD/CDMA.................................................. 15

2.1.2
Signal Processing Aspects.................................................................................. 16

2.1.2.1
The Spread Spectrum Concept ........................................................... 16

2.1.2.2
Modulation and Spreading Principles................................................. 17

2.1.2.3
CDMA System Performance.............................................................. 21

2.1.2.4
Pseudorandom Sequences .................................................................. 23

2.1.2.5
Power Control Characteristics............................................................ 24

2.1.2.6
Soft Handovers Characteristics .......................................................... 24

2.2
The 3G Communications Environment ........................................................................... 25

2.2.1
Mapping High Level Requirements onto Test Environments ............................ 25

2.2.1.1
Reference Services ............................................................................. 25

2.2.2
Channel Types ................................................................................................... 26

2.2.3
Indoor Office...................................................................................................... 26

2.2.4
Outdoor to Indoor and Pedestrian ...................................................................... 28

viii Contents
2.2.5
Vehicular ........................................................................................................... 31

2.2.6
Mixed ................................................................................................................ 33

2.2.6.1
Long-term Fading Decorrelation Length ........................................... 34

2.2.7
Channel Impulse Response ............................................................................... 34

2.2.8.1
Packet or Non-real Time Services ..................................................... 37

2.3
Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................................... 39
References .............................................................................................................................. 39
3 3.1
Architecture and Deployment Scenarios ........................................................................ 41

3.1.1
The UMTS High Level System Architecture .................................................... 41

3.1.1.1
The UMTS Domains ......................................................................... 41

3.1.1.2
The IMT 2000 Family ....................................................................... 42

3.1.2
Coexistence of Present and Future Networks .................................................... 43

3.2
The Core Network Domain ............................................................................................ 44

3.2.1
Network Evolution Towards UMTS ................................................................. 44

3.2.1.1
Main Packet Switched Network Elements......................................... 46

3.2.1.2
Open Interfaces.................................................................................. 47

3.2.2
Key Release 99 Architectural Requirements ..................................................... 49

3.2.3
The R99 Core Network Synthesis ..................................................................... 49

3.2.4
Circuit Switched (CS) Network Elements (NE) ................................................ 50

3.2.4.1
The 3G Mobile Switching Centre (3GMSC) ..................................... 50

3.2.4.2
The 3G Home Location Register ....................................................... 51

3.2.4.3
New Services ..................................................................................... 51

3.2.5
Packet Switched (PS) Network Elements (NE)................................................. 52

3.2.5.1
3G Serving GPRS Support Node (3G SGSN) ................................... 52

3.2.5.2
The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) ..................................... 53

3.2.5.3
Charging, Border and Lawful Interception Gateways ....................... 54

3.2.5.4
DNS, DHCP and the IP Backbone..................................................... 54

3.2.5.5
Network Connectivity in the 3G Packet Core.................................... 54

3.2.5.6
Implementing Quality of Service (QoS) ............................................ 55

3.2.5.7
Implementing Ipv6 ............................................................................ 56

3.2.6
Coexistence Interoperability Issues ................................................................... 56

3.2.6.1
Iu Interface Inter-Working Characteristics ........................................ 57

3.3
The Access Network Domain......................................................................................... 58

3.3.1
UTRAN Architecture ........................................................................................ 58

3.4
UTRAN Identifiers and Functions.................................................................................. 59

3.4.1
Identifiers .......................................................................................................... 59

3.4.2
System Access Control...................................................................................... 60

3.4.2.1
Admission and Congestion Control ................................................... 60

3.4.2.2
System Information Broadcasting ..................................................... 61

3.4.3
Radio Channel Ciphering and Deciphering....................................................... 61

3.4.4
Mobility Functions ............................................................................................ 61

3.4.4.1
Handover ........................................................................................... 61

3.4.4.2
SRNS Relocation............................................................................... 61

3.4.5
Radio Resource Management and Control Functions ....................................... 62

Contents ix
3.4.5.1
Radio Resource Configuration ........................................................... 62

3.4.5.2
Radio Environment Survey ................................................................ 62

3.4.5.3
Macro-diversity Control – FDD......................................................... 62

3.4.5.4
TDD – Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) ..................................... 62

3.4.5.5
Allocation/De-allocation and Control of Radio Bearers..................... 63

3.4.5.6
Radio Protocols Function ................................................................... 63

3.4.5.7
RF Power Control .............................................................................. 63

3.4.5.8
Radio Channel Coding and Control.................................................... 64

3.4.5.9
Radio Channel Decoding.................................................................... 64

3.4.5.10
Initial Random Access ....................................................................... 64

3.4.5.11
NAS Core Network Distribution Functions ....................................... 65

3.4.5.12
Timing Advance in TDD.................................................................... 65

3.4.5.13
NAS Service Specific Function.......................................................... 65

3.5
Mobility Management ..................................................................................................... 65

3.5.1
Signalling Connection........................................................................................ 65

3.5.2
Impacts of Mobility Handling ............................................................................ 66

3.6
UTRAN Synchronization and O&M Requirements ........................................................ 66

3.6.1
Synchronization Model ...................................................................................... 66

3.6.2
Node B O&M..................................................................................................... 67

3.6.2.1
Implementation Specific O&M.......................................................... 67

3.6.2.2
Logical O&M..................................................................................... 67

3.7
UTRAN Interfaces .......................................................................................................... 68

3.7.1
General Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces ................................................ 68

3.7.2
Horizontal Layers............................................................................................... 68

3.7.3
Vertical Planes ................................................................................................... 68

3.7.3.1
Control Plane...................................................................................... 68

3.7.3.2
User Plane .......................................................................................... 69

3.7.3.3
Transport Network Control Plane ...................................................... 69

3.7.3.4
Transport Network User Plane ........................................................... 69

3.8
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture............................................................................. 70

3.8.1
Protocol Structure .............................................................................................. 70

3.8.1.1
Service Access Points and Service Primitives.................................... 71

3.8.2
Services and Functions in Layer 1 ..................................................................... 72

3.8.2.1
Services .............................................................................................. 72

3.8.2.2
L1 Functions ...................................................................................... 73

3.8.3
Services and Functions in Layer 2 ..................................................................... 73

3.8.3.1
Services and Functions in The MAC Sub-layer ................................. 73

3.8.3.2
MAC Functions.................................................................................. 75

3.8.3.3
RLC Services and Functions .............................................................. 76

3.8.3.4
RLC Functions ................................................................................... 77

3.8.4
PDCP Services and Function ............................................................................. 78

3.8.5
Broadcast/Multicast Control – Services and Functions...................................... 78

3.8.6
Uu Stratum Services and Functions in Layer 3 .................................................. 79

3.8.7
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) Functions.................................................. 79
References ............................................................................................................................... 80
Appendix A: UMTS Functional Domains............................................................................... 82
x Contents
4.1
Summary of Features...................................................................................................... 85

4.2
Dedicated and Common Transport Channels ................................................................. 88

4.2.1
Dedicated Transport Channels .......................................................................... 88

4.2.2
Common Transport Channels............................................................................ 88

4.3
Configuration of FDD Physical Channels ...................................................................... 89

4.3.1
Uplink and Downlink Modulation..................................................................... 89

4.3.2
Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels ................................................................ 90

4.3.2.1
Spreading DPCCH/DPDCH.............................................................. 93

4.3.3
Common Uplink Physical Channels.................................................................. 94

4.3.3.1
Physical Random Access Channel - PRACH.................................... 94

4.3.3.2
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH).................................... 97

4.3.3.3
Spreading Common Uplink Physical Channels ................................. 98

4.3.4
Uplink Channelization Codes............................................................................ 100

4.3.4.1
DPCCH/DPDCH Code Allocation .................................................... 101

4.3.4.2
PRACH Message Part Code Allocation ............................................ 101

4.3.4.3
PCPCH Message Part Code Allocation ............................................. 101

4.3.5
Uplink Scrambling Codes ................................................................................. 101

4.3.5.1
Long Scrambling Sequence ............................................................... 101

4.3.5.2
Short Scrambling Sequence............................................................... 103

4.3.5.3
Scrambling Codes in Uplink Dedicated Physical Channels............... 104

4.3.5.4
PRACH and PCPCH Message Part Scrambling Code....................... 105

4.3.5.5
Scrambling Code in the PCPCH Power Control Preamble................ 106

4.3.5.6
PRACH Preamble Codes................................................................... 106

4.3.5.7
PCPCH Preamble Codes ................................................................... 107

4.3.6
Uplink Power Control Procedure ...................................................................... 108

4.3.6.1
PRACH and DPCCH/DPDCH Power Control .................................. 109

4.3.6.2
Compressed Mode Power Control ..................................................... 111

4.3.6.3
DPCCH Power Control Preamble...................................................... 112

4.3.6.4
Power Control in the PCPCH Message Part and Preamble ............... 113

4.3.6.5
Power Control in the Power Control Preamble Part .......................... 113

4.3.7
Downlink Physical Channels............................................................................. 114

4.3.7.1
Downlink Transmit Diversity ............................................................ 114

4.3.7.2
Open Loop Transmit Diversity .......................................................... 114

4.3.7.3
Closed Loop Transmit Diversity ....................................................... 115

4.3.8
Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels............................................................ 115

4.3.8.1
The Compressed Mode...................................................................... 116

4.3.8.2
Multi-Code Transmission .................................................................. 117

4.3.8.3
STTD in the DPCH ........................................................................... 118

4.3.8.4
Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity and Dedicated Channel Pilots 119

4.3.8.5
The Downlink DPCCH for CPCH..................................................... 119

4.3.9
Common Downlink Physical Channels ............................................................. 120

4.3.9.1
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) ...................................................... 120

4.3.9.2
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)................. 121

4.3.9.3
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)............. 122

4.3.9.4
Synchronization Channel (SCH) ....................................................... 124

4.3.9.5
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) .................................. 126

4.3.9.6
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH).............................................. 127

Contents xi
4.3.9.7
CPCH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH). 127

4.3.9.8
CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel.. 128

4.3.9.9
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) ...................................................... 129

4.3.9.10
CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH).......................................... 130

4.3.10
Mapping Transport Channels onto Physical Channels ....................................... 130

4.3.11
Timing Relationship Between Physical Channels.............................................. 131

4.3.11.1
PICH/S-CCPCH Timing Relation...................................................... 132

4.3.11.2
PRACH/AICH Timing Relation......................................................... 133

4.3.11.3
PCPCH/AICH Timing Relation ......................................................... 134

4.3.11.4
DPCH/PDSCH Timing ...................................................................... 135

4.3.11.5
DPCCH/DPDCH Timing Relations ................................................... 135

4.3.11.6
UE Uplink/Downlink Timing............................................................. 135

4.3.12
Downlink Spreading .......................................................................................... 136

4.3.12.1
Downlink Channelization Codes ........................................................ 136

4.3.12.2
Downlink Scrambling Codes.............................................................. 137

4.3.12.3
Synchronization Codes....................................................................... 139

4.3.13
Downlink Power Control Procedure .................................................................. 140

4.3.13.1
DPCCH/DPDCH Downlink Power Control ....................................... 140

4.3.13.2
Power Control in the Downlink Compressed Mode........................... 141

4.3.13.3
Power Control in Site Selection Diversity Transmit (SSTD) ............. 141

4.3.13.4
Power Control in The PDSCH, AICH, PICH, and S-CCPCH............ 142

4.3.14
The Compressed Mode Procedure ..................................................................... 142

4.3.14.1
Uplink Frame Structure ...................................................................... 143

4.3.14.2
Downlink Frame Structure ................................................................. 143

4.3.14.3
Transmission Time Reduction Method .............................................. 143

4.3.14.4
Transmission Gap Position................................................................. 144

4.3.15
Handover Procedures ......................................................................................... 145

4.3.15.1
Cell Selection/Reselection Requirements........................................... 146

4.3.15.2
Handover Requirements ..................................................................... 146

4.3.16
Other FDD Mode Physical Layer Procedures .................................................... 148

4.4
Configuration of TDD Physical Channels....................................................................... 149

4.4.1
Frame Structure.................................................................................................. 150

4.4.2
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)................................................................. 150

4.4.2.1
Downlink and Uplink Physical Channel Spreading ........................... 150

4.4.3
Burst Types ........................................................................................................ 151

4.4.3.1
Transmission of TFCI ........................................................................ 152

4.4.3.2
Midamble Transmit Power and Beam-forming/Transmit Diversity ... 153

4.4.4
Common Physical Channels .............................................................................. 153

4.4.4.1
Primary and Secondary Common Control Physical Channels............ 153

4.4.5
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) ............................................. 154

4.4.6
The Synchronization Channel (SCH)................................................................. 154

4.4.7
Physical Uplink/Downlink Shared Channels ..................................................... 155

4.4.8
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) .................................................................. 155

4.4.9
Beacon Function in Physical Channels .............................................................. 156

4.4.10
Allocating Midamble to Physical Channels ....................................................... 156

4.4.11
Mapping Transport Channels onto Physical Channels ....................................... 156

4.4.11.1
Dedicated Transport Channels ........................................................... 157

4.4.12
Mapping Common Transport Channels ............................................................. 157

4.4.12.1
The Broadcast Channel (BCH)........................................................... 157

xii Contents
4.4.12.2
The Paging Channel (PCH) ............................................................... 157

4.4.12.3
The Forward Channel (FACH) .......................................................... 157

4.4.12.4
The Random Access Channel (RACH) ............................................. 158

4.4.12.5
Shared Channels ................................................................................ 158

4.5
Spreading and Modulation in TDD ................................................................................ 158

4.5.1
Modulation and Symbol Rate............................................................................ 158

4.5.2
Mapping of Bits onto Signal Point Constellation .............................................. 159

4.5.2.1
Mapping for Burst Type 1 and 2........................................................ 159

4.5.2.2
Mapping for PRACH Burst Type ...................................................... 159

4.5.3
Spreading Parameters and Channelization Codes ............................................. 159

4.5.4
Scrambling Codes ............................................................................................. 160

4.5.5
Spreading Data Symbols and Data Blocks ........................................................ 161

4.5.6
Synchronization Codes...................................................................................... 162

4.6
Multiplexing and Channel Coding.................................................................................. 163

4.6.1
Error Detection and CRC Calculations.............................................................. 165

4.6.2
Transport Block Concatenation and Code Block Segmentation........................ 166

4.6.3
Channel Coding................................................................................................. 167

4.6.3.1
Convolutional Coding ....................................................................... 168

4.6.3.2
Turbo Coding .................................................................................... 169

4.6.4
Radio Frame Size Equalization ......................................................................... 170

4.6.5
First Interleaving ............................................................................................... 170

4.6.6
Radio Frame Segmentation ............................................................................... 170

4.6.6.1
Input–Output Relationship of the Radio Frame Segmentation Block
in Uplink............................................................................................ 171

4.6.6.2
Input–Output Relationship of Radio Frame Segmentation Block in
Downlink........................................................................................... 171

4.6.7
Rate Matching ................................................................................................... 171

4.6.8
TrCH Multiplexing............................................................................................ 172

4.6.9
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) Bits Insertion ........................................... 172

4.6.9.1
First Insertion of DTX Indication Bits............................................... 172

4.6.9.2
Second Insertion of DTX Indication Bits .......................................... 173

4.6.10
Physical Channel Segmentation ........................................................................ 175

4.6.11
Second Interleaving........................................................................................... 175

4.6.12
Physical Channel Mapping................................................................................ 176

4.6.12.1
Uplink and Downlink ........................................................................ 177

4.6.13
Detection of the Transport Format .................................................................... 177

4.6.13.1
Blind Transport Format Detection..................................................... 178

4.6.13.2
Transport Format Detection Based on TFCI ..................................... 178

4.6.13.3
TFCI Operation in the Split Mode..................................................... 179

4.6.14
Mapping of TFCI Words ................................................................................... 181

4.6.15
Examples on Channel Coding and Multiplexing............................................... 182

4.6.15.1
Downlink FDD BCH......................................................................... 182

4.6.15.2
Speech Channel Coding in the FDD Mode........................................ 183

4.6.15.3
Coding FDD 64/128/384 kbps Packet Data Channels ....................... 184

4.6.15.4
Multiplexing of 64/128/384 kbps Packet Data and 4.1 kbps Data..... 185

................................................................共计9章379页