6, 最后的原场
在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出,这一研究对其它研究的帮助。Further studies on ... will besummarized in our next study (or elsewhere), 总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).关于词汇以及常用结构,要经常总结,多读多模仿才能融会贯通。
We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".来强调自己的创新
5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用
1We tentatively put forward (interrpreted this to..)
2The results may be due to ,caused by,attributed to, resulted from
3 This is probably a consequence of
4 It is possible that it stem from
8,连接词与逻辑
英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有:
1)句子上下要有连贯,不能让句子之间独立常见的连接词语有,However, also, in addition, consequently,afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast,Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to,despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore...
用好这些连接词,能够使观点表达得有层次,更加明确。比如,如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献,
最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.
接下来,可用Then BB further demonstrated that..
再接下来,可用Afterwards, CC..
如果还有,可用More recent studies by DD..
如果叙述两种观点,要把它们截然分开
AA put forward that...
In contrast, BB believe
or Unlike AA, BB suggest
or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误,如果只是表明两种对立的观点,用in contrast BB..
如果两种观点相近,可用
AA suggest
Similarly, alternatively, BB.
Or Also, BB
or BB also does
表示因果或者前后关系,可用
Consequently, therefore, as a result,
表明递进关系,可用
furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,
当写完一段英文,最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
9, 段落的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。
首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to be addressed.
The first quest一on involves...
The second problem relates to
The thrid aspect deals with...
所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价,比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense,etc.
遇到这类情况,可以婉转地提出:
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.
Their results could be better convinced if they ...
Or their conclusion may remain some uncertainties.
讨论部份还包括什么内容?
1. 主要数据特征的总结
2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比
3. 本文的不足
第三点,在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞,觉得别人看不出来,是非常不明智的。
所谓不足,包括以下内容:
1. 研究的问题有点片面 ,讨论时一定要说,
It should be noted that this study has examined only..
We concentrate (focus) on only...
We have to point out that we do not..
Some limitations of this study are...
2. 结论有些不足
The results do not imply,
The results cannot be used to determine
be taken as evidence of
be taken as evidence of
Unfortunately, we cannot determine this from this data
Our results are lack of ...
但是,在指出这些不足之后,随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足,为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。
Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest..
However, these problems could be solved if we consider
Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..