Wireless Networking Complete

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About This Book .................................................................................................xv
About the Authors ............................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Supporting Wireless Technologies ..........................................................1
1.1 The Frequency Spectrum ..................................................................................1
1.1.1 Public Media Broadcasting ....................................................................4
1.1.2 Cellular Communication ........................................................................4
1.1.3 Wireless Data Communication .............................................................. 5
1.1.4 Other Fixed or Mobile Wireless Communications ................................ 6
1.2 Wireless Communication Primer ...................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Signal Propagation ................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 Modulation ............................................................................................. 9
1.2.3 Multiplexing ......................................................................................... 11
1.3 Spread Spectrum .............................................................................................12
1.3.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum ...................................................... 13
1.3.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum ................................................. 13
1.3.3 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing ..................................... 14
1.4 Global System for Mobile and General Packet Radio Service ....................... 15
1.4.1 Global System for Mobile .................................................................... 15
1.4.2 General Packet Radio Service .............................................................. 20
1.5 Code-Division Multiple Access ...................................................................... 24
1.5.1 Code-Division Multiple Access Concept ............................................. 24
1.5.2 IS-95 ..................................................................................................... 25
1.5.3 Software Handoff ................................................................................. 26
1.5.4 Road to 4G ........................................................................................... 27
1.6 GSM Versus CDMA ........................................................................................ 28
1.7 3G Cellular Systems ........................................................................................ 29
1.7.1 UMTS/WCDMA Versus cdma2000 .................................................... 30
1.7.2 UMTS/WCDMA .................................................................................. 30
1.7.3 cdma2000 ............................................................................................. 31
1.7.4 4G Cellular Systems ............................................................................ 33
1.8 2G Mobile Wireless Services .......................................................................... 34
1.8.1 WAP and iMode ................................................................................... 34
1.8.2 Short Message Service ......................................................................... 35
viii Contents
1.9 Wireless Technologies Landscape ................................................................. 36
1.10 802.11 Wireless LANs ................................................................................... 37
1.10.1 Architecture and Protocols ................................................................. 38
1.10.2 Frame Format ..................................................................................... 41
1.10.3 Beacon Frame .................................................................................... 43
1.10.4 Roaming in a Wireless LAN .............................................................. 43
1.10.5 IEEE 802.11 Family ........................................................................... 45
1.10.6 Security in Wireless LANs ................................................................ 47
1.11 Bluetooth ........................................................................................................ 47
1.11.1 Architecture and Protocols ................................................................. 47
1.11.2 Bluetooth Overview ........................................................................... 47
1.11.3 Bluetooth Architecture ....................................................................... 48
1.11.4 Radio and Baseband ........................................................................... 49
1.11.5 L2CAP and Frame Format ................................................................. 51
1.11.6 RFCOMM .......................................................................................... 52
1.11.7 SDP .................................................................................................... 52
1.11.8 Bluetooth Evolution ............................................................................ 53
1.12 Ultra-Wideband ............................................................................................. 53
1.12.1 UWB Standards ................................................................................. 55
1.12.2 UWB Applications ............................................................................. 55
1.13 Radio-Frequency Identification ..................................................................... 56
1.13.1 RFID System ...................................................................................... 56
1.13.2 RFID Applications ............................................................................. 58
1.14 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks .......................................................... 60
1.14.1 Wireless Broadband: IEEE 802.16 .................................................... 61
1.14.2 WiMax ............................................................................................... 62
1.15 Satellite .......................................................................................................... 64
1.15.1 Satellite Communication .................................................................... 64
1.15.2 Satellite Systems ................................................................................ 64
1.16 Wireless ****** Networks ............................................................................. 65
1.16.1 WSN Applications ............................................................................. 66
1.16.2 Wireless ****** Node ........................................................................ 67
1.16.3 Self-Organized Networks ................................................................... 68
1.16.4 ZigBee ................................................................................................ 69
1.17 Standardization in the Wireless World .......................................................... 70
1.17.1 Cellular Standard Groups ................................................................... 71
1.17.2 IEEE Standards .................................................................................. 71
1.17.3 Standards War .................................................................................... 73
1.18 Summary ........................................................................................................ 73
Further Reading .................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 2 Wireless Networks ............................................................................. 77
2.1 Bluetooth (802.15.1) ...................................................................................... 79
2.2 Wi-Fi (802.11) ............................................................................................... 81
2.2.1 Physical Properties ............................................................................. 81
2.2.2 Collision Avoidance ........................................................................... 82
Contents ix
2.2.3 Distribution System .......................................................................... 83
2.2.4 Frame Format .................................................................................... 85
2.3 WiMAX (802.16) .......................................................................................... 86
2.4 Cell Phone Technologies ............................................................................... 87
Further Reading ..................................................................................................... 90
Chapter 3 An Overview of Wireless Systems ........................................................ 93
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 93
3.2 First- and Second-Generation Cellular Systems ............................................ 94
3.3 Cellular Communications from 1G to 3G ..................................................... 97
3.4 Road Map for Higher Data Rate Capability in 3G ...................................... 100
3.5 Wireless 4G Systems ................................................................................... 103
3.6 Future Wireless Networks ........................................................................... 106
3.7 Standardization Activities for Cellular Systems .......................................... 107
3.8 Summary ...................................................................................................... 109
Problems ..............................................................................................................109
References ........................................................................................................... 109
Chapter 4 Wireless Application Protocol ............................................................ 111
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 111
4.2 WAP and the World Wide Web (WWW)..................................................... 111
4.3 Introduction to Wireless Application Protocol ............................................ 112
4.4 The WAP Programming Model ................................................................... 113
4.4.1 The WWW Model .............................................................................. 114
4.4.2 The WAP Model ................................................................................ 114
4.5 WAP Architecture ........................................................................................ 116
4.5.1 Wireless Application Environment .................................................... 117
4.5.2 Wireless Telephony Application ........................................................ 118
4.5.3 Wireless Session Protocol .................................................................. 119
4.5.4 Wireless Transaction Protocol ........................................................... 120
4.5.5 Wireless Transport Layer Security ..................................................... 121
4.5.6 Wireless Datagram Protocol .............................................................. 121
4.5.7 Optimal WAP Bearers ........................................................................ 122
4.6 Traditional WAP Networking Environment ................................................ 123
4.7 WAP Advantages and Disadvantages .......................................................... 124
4.8 Applications of WAP ................................................................................... 126
4.9 imode ........................................................................................................... 127
4.10 imode Versus WAP ...................................................................................... 128
4.11 Summary ...................................................................................................... 129
Problems ..............................................................................................................129
References ........................................................................................................... 130
Chapter 5 Wireless Local Area Networks ...........................................................131
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 131
5.2 WLAN Equipment ....................................................................................... 134
5.3 WLAN Topologies....................................................................................... 135
5.4 WLAN Technologies ................................................................................... 136
x Contents
5.4.1 IR Technology .................................................................................... 136
5.4.2 UHF Narrowband Technology ........................................................... 137
5.4.3 Spread Spectrum Technology ............................................................ 138
5.5 IEEE 802.11 WLAN .................................................................................... 139
5.5.1 IEEE 802.11 Architecture ................................................................ 139
5.5.2 802.11 Physical Layer (PHY) .......................................................... 141
5.5.3 IEEE 802.11 Data Link Layer ......................................................... 153
5.5.4 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control ............................................. 153
5.5.5 IEEE 802.11 MAC Sublayer ............................................................ 159
5.6 Joining an Existing Basic Service Set ......................................................... 161
5.7 Security of IEEE 802.11 Systems ................................................................ 163
5.8 Power Management ..................................................................................... 164
5.9 IEEE 802.11b — High-Rate DSSS ...............................................................164
5.10 IEEE 802.11n ............................................................................................... 165
5.11 Other WLAN Standards .............................................................................. 168
5.11.1 HIPERLAN Family of Standards .................................................... 168
5.11.2 Multimedia Access Communication — High-Speed
Wireless Access Network ................................................................ 173
5.12 Performance of a Bluetooth Piconet in the Presence of IEEE
802.11 WLANs ............................................................................................ 175
5.12.1 Packet Error Rate (PER) from N Neighboring Bluetooth
Piconets ............................................................................................176
5.12.2 PER from M Neighboring IEEE 802.11 WLANs ............................177
5.12.3 Aggregated Throughput ...................................................................177
5.13 Interference Between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 ...................................... 178
5.14 IEEE 802.16 ................................................................................................. 181
5.15 World Interoperability for MicroAccess, Inc. (WiMAX) ............................ 183
5.15.1 WiMAX PHY .................................................................................. 186
5.15.2 WiMAX Media Access Control (MAC) .......................................... 187
5.15.3 Spectrum Allocation for WiMAX .................................................... 188
5.16 Summary ...................................................................................................... 189
Problems .............................................................................................................. 189
References ............................................................................................................191
Chapter 6 Fourth-Generation Systems and New Wireless Technologies ..................193
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 193
6.2 4G Vision ..................................................................................................... 195
6.3 4G Features and Challenges ........................................................................ 195
6.4 Applications of 4G ....................................................................................... 197
6.5 4G Technologies .......................................................................................... 200
6.5.1 Multicarrier Modulation ................................................................... 200
6.5.2 Smart Antenna Techniques .............................................................. 201
6.5.3 OFDM – MIMO Systems .................................................................. 205
6.5.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Time-Slot Scheduler .......... 205
6.5.5 Bell Labs Layered Space Time (BLAST) System ........................... 206
Contents xi
6.5.6 Software-Defined Radio ................................................................... 209
6.5.7 Cognitive Radio ............................................................................... 211
6.6 Summary ...................................................................................................... 212
Problems .............................................................................................................. 212
References ............................................................................................................213
Chapter 7 Mesh Networks: Optimal Routing and Scheduling ................................ 215
7.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 215
7.2 Network Topology and Link Activation Constraints ................................... 216
7.2.1 Link Activation Constraints ............................................................. 216
7.3 Link Scheduling and Schedulable Region ................................................... 219
7.3.1 Stability of Queues ........................................................................... 222
7.3.2 Link Flows and Link Stability Region ............................................. 226
7.4 Routing and Scheduling a Given Flow Vector ............................................. 229
7.5 Discussion .................................................................................................... 235
7.6 Maximum Weight Scheduling ..................................................................... 236
7.6.1 Multicommodity Flow Criteria ........................................................ 238
7.6.2 Lyapunov Stability of a Network of Queues .................................... 238
7.6.3 The Algorithm and Its Analysis ....................................................... 239
7.6.4 Discussion ........................................................................................ 245
7.7 Routing and Scheduling for Elastic Traffic ................................................. 245
7.7.1 Fair Allocation for Single Hop Flows .............................................. 249
7.7.2 Fair Allocation for Multihop Flows ................................................. 252
7.8 Discussion .................................................................................................... 257
7.9 Notes on the Literature ................................................................................ 259
Problems .......................................................................................................................... 260
References .......................................................................................................................261
Chapter 8 Ad Hoc Wireless ****** Networks ..................................................... 263
8.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 265
8.2 Communication Coverage ........................................................................... 265
8.3 Discussion .................................................................................................... 266
8.4 Sensing Coverage ........................................................................................ 267
8.5 Discussion .................................................................................................... 273
8.6 Localization ................................................................................................. 274
8.6.1 Convex Position Estimation ............................................................. 276
8.7 Discussion .................................................................................................... 279
8.7.1 Routing ............................................................................................. 279
8.7.2 Attribute-Based Routing .................................................................. 284
8.8 Function Computation ................................................................................. 286
8.9 Discussion .................................................................................................... 293
8.10 Scheduling ................................................................................................... 294
8.10.1 S-MAC ............................................................................................ 295
8.10.2 IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee) .................................................................. 297
8.11 Notes on the Literature ............................................................................... 298
xii Contents
Problems ............................................................................................................. 299
References ............................................................................................................300
Chapter 9 ****** Network Platforms and Tools ..................................................303
9.1 ****** Node Hardware ............................................................................... 304
9.1.1 Berkeley Motes ............................................................................... 305
9.2 ****** Network Programming Challenges ................................................. 307
9.3 Node-Level Software Platforms ................................................................. 309
9.3.1 Operating System: TinyOS ............................................................. 310
9.3.2 Imperative Language: nesC ............................................................ 313
9.3.3 Dataflow-Style Language: TinyGALS ............................................ 319
9.4 Node-Level Simulators ............................................................................... 324
9.4.1 The ns-2 Simulator and Its ****** Network Extensions ................ 326
9.4.2 The Simulator TOSSIM .................................................................. 327
9.5 Programming Beyond Individual Nodes: State-Centric Programming ...... 328
9.5.1 Collaboration Groups ...................................................................... 329
9.5.2 PIECES: A State-Centric Design Framework ................................ 332
9.5.3 Multitarget Tracking Problem Revisited ......................................... 335
9.6 Summary ..................................................................................................... 340
References ............................................................................................................340
Chapter 10 Mobile IP .....................................................................................345
10.1 The Requirements of Mobile IP ................................................................. 345
10.2 Extending the Protocols .............................................................................. 347
10.3 Reverse Tunneling ...................................................................................... 349
10.4 Security Concerns ....................................................................................... 351
Further Reading .................................................................................................. 351
Chapter 11 Mobile IPv6 ...................................................................................353
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 353
11.2 Mobile IPv6 Overview ............................................................................... 354
11.2.1 Types of Nodes................................................................................ 355
11.2.2 Basic Operation of Mobile IPv6 ..................................................... 356
11.3 Header Extension ........................................................................................ 360
11.3.1 Alignment Requirements ................................................................ 361
11.3.2 Home Address Option ..................................................................... 361
11.3.3 Type 2 Routing Header ................................................................... 362
11.3.4 Mobility Header .............................................................................. 364
11.3.5 Mobility Options ............................................................................. 372
11.3.6 Neighbor Discovery Messages ........................................................ 375
11.3.7 ICMPv6 Messages .......................................................................... 377
11.4 Procedure of Mobile IPv6 ........................................................................... 381
11.4.1 Protocol Constants and Variables .................................................... 381
11.4.2 Home Registration .......................................................................... 381
Contents xiii
11.4.3 Bi-Directional Tunneling ................................................................ 385
11.4.4 Intercepting Packets for a Mobile Node ......................................... 387
11.4.5 Returning Home .............................................................................. 387
11.5 Route Optimization..................................................................................... 390
11.5.1 Return Routability ........................................................................... 391
11.5.2 Sending Initial Messages ................................................................ 391
11.5.3 Responding to Initial Messages ...................................................... 392
11.5.4 Computing a Shared Secret ............................................................. 394
11.5.5 Verifying Message .......................................................................... 395
11.5.6 Security Considerations .................................................................. 396
11.5.7 De-Register Binding for Correspondent Nodes .............................. 397
11.5.8 Backward Compatibility ................................................................. 397
11.6 Movement Detection .................................................................................. 399
11.7 Dynamic Home Agent Address Discovery ................................................. 399
11.8 Mobile Prefix Solicitation/Advertisement .................................................. 400
11.9 Relationship with IPsec .............................................................................. 404
References ............................................................................................................406
Chapter 12 Security and Survivability of Wireless Systems ..................................407
12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 407
12.2 Background ................................................................................................. 408
12.3 Current Security Approaches in Wireless Networks .................................. 411
12.4 Current Survivability Approaches in Wireless Networks ........................... 412
12.5 Framework for Wireless Network Survivability and Security .................... 413
12.6 Interaction Between Survivability and Security in Wireless Networks ...... 417
12.6.1 Extending the Framework to Include Interactions Between
Security and Survivability ................................................................418
12.6.2 Case Study I: Idle Handoffs ............................................................ 421
12.6.3 Case Study II: Key Management in Heterogeneous
****** Networks ..................................................................... ........422
12.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 429
References .......................................................................................................... 430
Index ..............................................................................................................433