802.1ad

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•IEEE802.1Q bridges use VLANs to segregate traffic, but:
•Only4,094 VLANs are available across the entire network
–Thislimits the number of services / customers that can be supported
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•xSTPprotocols are extended into the customer’s network
–Faultsin the customer’s network can cause xSTP to alter the routes across theprovider network
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•Q-in-Qexists as a short-term solution, however:
–Notformally standardised (Cisco implementation)
–Nopossibility to move to a solution regarding MAC learning limits